AFM 4 E12- AQUATIC POLLUTION AND TOXICOLOGY
Unit I
Water pollution: Types, sources and impacts Surface water, ground water pollution Domestic, Industrial, agricultural and natural sources Water Pollution: Assessment and control Pollution due to municipal sewage dumping, industrial effluent discharge and solid waste dumping- leachate infiltration Assessment of the level of pollution based on BOD, COD, nitrogen, phosphate and microbiological analysis, Wastewater treatment: Primary, Secondary and tertiary
Unit II
Biological and chemical factors influencing toxicity inorganic and organic toxicants- entry into the environment, cycles and residence TimeToxicity of pesticides, insecticides heavy metals, radioactive minerals, fluriodes, chemical fertilizers etc
Unit III
Toxicants and Ecosystem Toxicants and communities in ecosystem Multilevel trophic interactions and non-trophic interactions Functional changes in the ecosystem Effect of interspecific interactions in the environment Bio-concentration, Bio-accumulation and biomagnification and its impactsSensitivity of ecosystems and ecotones
Unit IV
Toxicity Testing and Indicators Principles of toxicity testingMethods of toxicity evaluation at cellular and molecular level by in vitro and in vivo methodsMonitoring approaches- indicator populations and indicator species Lacustrine communities as indicators of ecosystem stress Bacterial, algal and invertebrate microbiotests Bio-sensors and Bio-markers- Concept and approach, advantages and disadvantages Molecular marker to toxicants-metabolites as indicators, protein induction, cytochrome P450 enzymes, stress proteins and metallothioneins.
Suggested Readings:
1. Ballantyne B, Marris T and Turner P (ED) General and applied toxicology
2. Cairns Jr , J and Niedrelehner B R (Ed) Ecological Toxicity testing
3. Casarret and Doull (Ed). Toxicology- The basic science of poisons.
4. Cockerham L G, B. S. Shane (2008) Basic Environmental Toxicology
5. Freedman B (Ed) Environmental Ecology
6. Landis W G, M.-H. Yu. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology
7. Moriarty F Ecotoxicology.
8. Niesink J M, Dc Vries and Hollinger M R Toxicology Principles and Applications
9. Nurenberg H W Pollutants & their eco-toxicological significance.
10. Ramada F Ecotoxicology
11. Richardson M Environmental toxicology assessment.
12. Sigel A et al Organometalics in Environment and Toxicology
13. Stina K E and Brown T M (Ed) Principles of Toxicology
AFM 4 E 08- ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING AND REARING
Unit I
Ornamental fish breeding and rearing-overview. Species for aquarium trade- freshwater and marine. Status of world trade of ornamental fish. Concept of quality and varieties in aquarium trade. Farming of ornamental fishes.
Unit II
Biology, sexing, courtship, breeding, larval rearing and mass production of freshwater ornamental fishes- Live bearers, Goldfish, Barbs, Gouramy and Angelfishes. Breeding of Koi Carps. Indigenous freshwater ornamental fishes of India.
Unit III
Marine ornamental fishes in aquarium trade. Status of marine ornamental fish breeding. Breeding of Anemone fish and damsels. Methods of collection and rearing of marine ornamental fishes from natural habitats. Impact of marine ornamental fish collection and hatcheries on reef ecosystem.
Unit IV
Ornamental invertebrates in aquarium trade. Marine invertebrate rearing systems. Culture and maintenance of corals. Keeping of echinoderms and ornamental crustacenas in aquariums. Sponges and opisthobranchs in aquariums. Marine aquarium management. Biological and chemical processes in aquariums. Setting up of aquariums.
Unit V
Brood stock management of ornamental fishes. Common diseases and their control. Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Common aquarium plants. Agencies involved in popularisation and extension of ornamental fish culture in India. Economics of ornamental fish farms.
Suggested Reading:
1. Biswas. S.P., et al Ornamental fishes of North East India: An Atlas
2. Ramachandran.A, Breeding, Farming and Management of Fishes,
3. Madhusoodana kurup et al Ornamental Fish - Breeding, Farming and Trade
4. Jhingran,V.G. Fish and Fisheries of India.
5. Bijukumar,A. Rearing of Aquarium Fishes.
6. Rath,A.K. Freshwater Aquaculture,
7. Santhanam, et.al. AManual of Freshwater Aquaculture
8. Murthi.V.S. Marine ornamental Fishes of Lakshadweep
9. Butting.B., et al. Marine Aquarium Industry and conservation.
10. Oliver, K Marine Ornamental species; collection and Conservation
AFM 4 C 12- DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND AQUATIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Unit I
Basics of fish and shellfish health management: Host-pathogen-environment relationship, Management of culture systems, Environmental stress. Defence system in fish and shellfish: Defence systems in fish, innate and acquired immunity, inflammation response to diseases. Antibody and cell mediated immunity in fish and shellfish.
Unit II
Infectious bacterial and viral diseases: General characteristics, Epizootiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and treatment. Aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment and control of viral diseases of finfishes such as EHN, IHN, VER, SVC etc. Major pathogens of commercially important cultured crustaceans with special reference to shrimp and freshwater prawn such as WSSV, YHV, TSV, IHHNV, MBV, HPV, BP etc.
Unit III
Parasitic and mycotic diseases: General characteristics, Epizootiology, Diagnosis, Life cycle, Prevention and treatment. Non-infectious Diseases: Nutritional diseases, water, soil, environmental parameters and their effects on fish health. Disease in hatcheries and grow-out systems.
Unit IV
Techniques in health management: Microbiological, haematological, histopathological, immunological and molecular techniques. Disease surveillance and reporting. Disease control and management: Environment management, chemotherapeutic agents, host management, prophylaxis- vaccines, adjuvants, immunostimulants and probiotics. Use and abuse of antibiotics and chemicals in health management. Fish health and quarantine systems. Seed certification, SPF and SPR stocks - development and applications.
Suggested Reading
1. Aline, W. Fish diseases.
2. Schaperclaus, W. Fish diseases (Vol. I & II)..
3. Wedmeyer, Meyer & Smith Environmental Stress and Fish Diseases\
4. Ronald J. Roberts Fish Pathology. 2nd Edition.
5. Carl, J. Sindermann Principal diseases of Marine Fish and Shelfish. Vol. I & II,
6. Iwama G. and Nakanishi T. Fish Immune system – Organism, Pathogen & Environment.
7. Austin, B. and Austin, D.A. Bacterial Fish Pathogens (Diseases in Farm and Wild).
8. Valerie Inglis et al., Bacterial Diseases of Fish.
9. Chris Andrews et al., The Manual of Fish Health.
10. Felix et al., Fish Disease Diagnosis and Health Management.
11. Shankar. K.M. & Mohan. C.V Fish and Shellfish Health Management,
12. Andrews, Excell & Carrington The manual of fish health. Salamander
AFM 4 C 11- BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit I
Cell membrane, Phopholipid bilayer, Membrane proteins, Ion channels, Active transport, Passive transport, Cell-Cell interaction, Adhesion junction, Gap junction, Cell signaling, Neurotransmitters, Programmed cell death. Cell cycle, Interphase, G1 S and and G2 Phases, Chromatin, ultra structure of chromosomes C-value paradox
Unit II
Nucleic acid Structural aspects – Components of DNA and RNA, Nucleosides & Nucleotides. Double helical structure of DNA (Watson -Crick Model). DNA Replication –The Basic Rule for Replication of all Nucleic acids.. Mutation – Occurrence, kinds of Mutation, spontaneous & induced Mutation, Mutagens, detection of Mutation, Lethal Mutations, Biochemical Mutations, Phenotypic effects of Mutation, Molecular basis of Mutation, Significance & Practical applications of Mutation Transcription, Post transcriptional modification Translation: Outline of Translation, Genetic Code, Regulation of activity of Genes and Gene products in Prokaryotes, Regulation in Eukaryotes: Regulatory strategies in Eukaryotes,.
Unit 111
Genome sequence and gene numbers, Non coding sequences, Exons, Introns, Repeated sequences, Non –repeated sequences, Moderately repeated sequences, Mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosomal DNA, Gene clusters
Unit 1V
Introduction to recombinant DNA technology, Gene cloning, Tissue culture ,Organ culture, Cell line and its applications, Cloning of animals, Transgenic animals ,plants, and fishes, Stem cells and its application, Application of microbial technology in culture ponds; Bioaugmentation, Bioremediation, Biofertilizers, and Probiotics Present status of marine biotechnology, Marine natural products, Bioactive compounds from marine organisms,, Single cell protein ,Bio-sensors, Marine biofilms and Biofouling
Suggested Reading
1. Lehninger, A.L. Principal of Biochemistry.
2. Smith, E.L., et al. The principles of Biochemistry
3. Glick B.R. Molecular biotechnology
4. Singleton Elementary Genetics
5. Gjedrem, T. Genetics in Aquaculture
6. Purdom,C.E Genetics and Fish breeding
7. Alberts,B and others Molecular Biology of the cell 1994
8. Peter Proksch Frontiers in Marine Biotechnology
9. Le Gal Marine Biotechnology