AFM 1 C 04- INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE
Unit I
Trends in global and Indian aquaculture, Present scenario and problems, different farming systems, intensive systems and constraints - environmental degradation and disease outbreaks. Sustainability and development, Role of aquatic resources in food and nutrition; Aquatic resource and livelihood systems.
Unit II
Environmental issues: Exotic species introduction, escapement, contamination of indigenous gene pool, salinization of soil and water, environmental impact, over exploitation of wild stocks, mangrove deforestation, Impact of climate change.
Socio-economic issues: Conflicts over water and land use, conflicts of interest between aqua farmers and fishermen, resistance from local public, anti-dumping duties.
Unit III
Biological constraints in aquaculture: the availability of juveniles, supply of essential nutrients, control of pathogens and diseases. Guiding principles to sustainable aquaculture development. Open and closed systems and the principles of water system design. Coastal Aquaculture Guidelines. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture.
Unit IV
Strategies for sustainability: Sustainability concept; food security; biosecurity; organic farming; integrated farming; responsible aquaculture; rotational aquaculture; bioremediation; role of biotechnology. Application of renewable energy in aquaculture - solar energy, wind, and tidal energy. Trade and export of fishery products. Value addition.
Suggested Reading
1. Beets, W.C. -Raising and Sustaining Productivity of Small-Holder Farming Systems in the Tropics.
2. Edwards, P & H. Demaine -Rural Aquaculture: Overview and Framework for Country
3. Edwards, P., D.C. Little & H. Demaine -Rural Aquaculture.
4. J. E. Bardach- Sustainable Aquaculture
5. James P& Mc Vey -Handbook of Mariculture Vol. I. Crustacean Aquaculture.
6. Bardach, Rhyther, & Mc. Larney- Aquaculture, Farming & Husbandry of freshwater & Marine Organisms
7. Pillay, T.V.R. & Dill, W.M.A- Advances in Aquaculture.
8. Pillay. T.V.R. & M.N. Kutty - Aquaculture: Principles and Practices.
9. Takeo Imai - Aquaculture in shallow seas.
10. Ayyappan, S- Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture
AFM 1C 03- GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I- General Introduction
Scope and importance of Microbiology, Modern concept in Microbiology, Classification of Microorganisms. Nutritional requirements of microorganisms–general growth media, differential media, selective media. Microbial communities in the aquatic environment, kinetics of microbial population, biofilms, Biofouling and biocorrosion. Microbial interactions– symbiosis, antagonism, commensalism. Tests for identification of microorganisms- morphological, cultural, biochemical, serological and molecular.
Unit II- Bacteria
Morphology and ultrastructure of bacteria, Nutritional types of bacteria, Culture of bacteria-Pure culture. Quantitative measurement of bacterial growth, isolation, enumeration, preservation and maintenance of cultures, biochemical characterization, regulation of bacterial growth, Bacterial enzymes, antibacterial agents.
Unit III- Fungus
Fungal classifications, biology of fungi, slime, mould, protist fungi, true fungi, imperfect fungi. Morphology and ultrastructure of molds, cultivation of molds, some molds of microbiological interest. Mycotoxins. Techniques for isolation and identification of yeasts and molds.
Unit IV- Virus
Viral morphology and taxonomy, mode of viral entry, virus replication strategies,viral interference, cytopathic effect, Antiviral agents, viral immunity. Laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases- Isolation of viruses using cell culture; Purification and characterization of viruses.
Suggested Reading
1. Sali A.J. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology
2. Schlegel General Microbiology
3. Maat A.G. and Wiley A Microbial Physiology
4. Pelezar Read and Chan Microbiology
5. Collins C.H. and Lyns P.M. Microbiological Methods
6. Lengeler Biology of Prokaryotes
7. Subbarao Soil Microbiology
8. Rheinheimer Aquatic Microbiology
9. ZoBell Marine Microbiology
10. Pawar and Diganawala General Microbiology
11. Frobisher et al. Fundamentals of Microbiology
12. Harry W. Seeley, et al. Microbes in Action: A Laboratory Manual of Microbiology.
13. Hawkey P M & Lewis D A Medical Bacteriology: A Practical Approach
14. Barrow G I & Feltham R K A. Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria
15. Kimberley A.Whitman Finfish and shellfish bacteriology manual-Techniques and procedures
16. Kathleen P.T. and Arther T. Foundation in Microbiology
Ingraham, J.I. et al. Introduction to MicrobiologyAFM 1 C 02- AQUATIC ECOLOGY AND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
Unit I
Aquatic ecosystem– components, structure and functions; Ecological concepts – succession, homeostasis, natality and mortality, r and k selection; Concepts of habitat and ecological niche; carrying capacity. Ecological classification of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Interaction of biotic and abiotic ecological factor. Biodiversity and diversity indices. IUCN categorization and endangered fishes. Conservation of freshwater resources and fish.
Unit II
The division of the marine environment – benthic, pelagic, bathyal, littoral. Ocean waters as a biological environment. Distribution and population of plants and animals. Marine ecology and fisheries potential. Effects of pollution on marine life. Dynamics, Carrying capacity. Abiotic and Biotic environment, limiting factors, adaptation, Habitat and niche, nature of environment. Littoral Zones: Fauna of intertidal zones, their distribution and adaptations, ecological importance of mangrove vegetation.
Unit III
Concepts and principles of Marine fisheries management. Impact of climate change/global warming in marine fisheries. Management of reserves- in situ and ex situ conservation. Conservation issues in world fisheries- Aquatic Protected Areas. Marine sanctuaries. Ecosystem modeling and impact assessment. Principles of Ecosystem maturity. Modern computer tools in ecosystem modeling and trophic interactions. ECOPATH and ECOSIM
Unit IV
Fisheries acts and Legislations, revisions and amendments. Fisheries policies, MFRAs, other regulatory instruments of the State and Central Governments. Management of riverine, reservoir and lacustrine fisheries. Models of fisheries management. Ecosystem approach to Fisheries management. Use of technology in fisheries conservation using TED, BED, BRD etc. Use of selective fishing gears, mesh size regulations, capture of juveniles. Deep sea fishing policy of India.
Unit V
Open access, regulated, advisory; participatory, user rights. International fishery regulations, treaties and instruments. Input control measures such as access control, size, type, number and power of boats, duration of fishing, Output control measures such as Total Allowable Catch. Catch Quotas, Licensing Technical control measures such as size limitations, closed fishing areas, closed seasons, size of nets and mesh size regulations, limited entry. Diversification in fisheries.
Suggested Readings:
1. Eugene P Odum Fundamentals of Ecology
2. O. Kinne Elements of Marine Ecology
3. Kutchal E.P. Statistical Ecology
4. Whittaker R H Communities Ecosystem
5. Groom M et al. Principles of Conservation biology
6. Richard B. Primack Essentials of Conservation biology
7. Sutherland W.J. Conservation Hand Book
8. Bensam K. Development of marine Fisheries Science in India
9. Sathiadas P.K. Production and Marketing management of marine fishes of India
10. Korakandy R. Economics of Fisheries Management
11. Carter, R.W.G. Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines
12. Park, C.C. Ecology and Environmental Management
13. Kormondy, E.J. Concepts of Ecology
AFM 1 C 01- FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES
Unit I
Morphology and Sexual dimorphism in fishes and crustaceans. Maturation and spawning in fishes. Maturity stages, Gonado-somatic index, Fecundity, ova diameter studies, breeding cycles. Life history of economically important fish species. Age and growth in fish. Methods employed for age determination. Length-weight relationships. Migration in fishes and crustaceans.
Unit II
Structure of digestive system in fishes, Digestive glands and enzymes. Food and feeding habits of fishes. Food analysis indices. Respiration-Structure of gills, branchial glands, respiratory pigments, mechanism of gas exchange. Accessory respiratory organs in fishes and its significance. Endocrine system,-Pituitary gland in fishes. Endocrine control of reproduction in crustaceans and molluscs.
Unit III
Fisheries resources of India, potential and trends in fish production. Marine capture fisheries, PFZ, EEZ and FAO’s code of conduct of responsible fisheries, fishery of commercially important pelagic and demersal fishes, crustaceans, molluscs and seaweeds. Oceanic and deep sea fisheries resources. Principles of fish population dynamics. Fish stock assessment models.
Unit IV
Inland capture fishery resources and production in India. Fisheries in major riverine systems, estuaries, reservoirs and lakes of India. Exploitation of freshwater and marine ornamental fish resources of India. Types of crafts and gears used in present day fishing . Selectivity of fishing gears and by-catch reduction devices. Use of modern techniques and equipments for fish finding and capturing. Fisheries Extension.
Suggested Readings
1. Jhingran V.G. Fish and Fisheries of India
2. Jhingran V.G. and Talwar S.K. Fisheries of India (Vol 1 & 2)
3. Bal J and Rao S.R. Fishes of India
4. Hameed M.S & Bhoopendranath M.R. Modern Fishing Gear Technology
5. Santhanam S. Fisheries Science
6. Bensam K. Development of marine Fisheries Science in India
7. Moyle and Cech Fishes and Introduction of Ichthyology
8. Matty Fish Endocrinology
9. Hoar and Randall Fish Physiology
10. Tandon K.L. Age and Growth in Indian freshwater fishes
11. Yadav Y.R. Fish and Fisheries
12. Cushing D.H Marine Ecology and Fisheries
13. Devaraj,M. Fish Population Dynamics Course Manual
14. Nelson J.S. Fishes of the World.
15. Royce W.F. Introduction to Fishery Sciences,
16. Bliss D.E. Biology of Crustacean
17. Samuel,C.T. Marine Fisheries in India.
18. Sreekrishna, Y. & Shenoy L. Fishing Gear and Craft Technology.
- Teacher: Dr. Mujeeb Rahiman. K.M